Use of a placebo control in surgical trials is a divisive issue. We argue that, in principle, placebo controls for surgery are necessary in the same way as for medicine. However, there are important ...

School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Dr Richard J Cooper, Division of Social Research in Medicines and Health, The University of Nottingham, University Park, ...

Correspondence to: Simona Giordano Institute of Medicine, Law and Bioethics (IMLAB), School of Law, University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK The ethics of ...